Death Essay -- essays research papers

Death is the termination of lie and its related clinical signs and has been defined in several ways. Death has discordant stages, signs, and actors affect it that has physiological and ethical responses. It is the nurses responsibility to facilitate coping to the dying and the family members, friends and significant other of that mortal dying.Death is defined in various ways such as Heart-Lung Death, Whole Brain Death and Higher Brain Death. Taylor, Lillis in her book states that Heart-Lung Death is The permanent cessation of spontaneous respiration and circulation, this definition emerged from the historical idea that the flow o body fluids was essential or lie. Whole Brain Death is defined as The irreversible cessation o every last(predicate) functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem. Higher Brain Death is defined as The irreversible button of all high brain functions, of cognitive function and emerged from the belief that the brain is to a greater extent imp ortant than the spinal cord and critical functions are the individualists personality, conscious life, uniqueness, capacity, judging, reasoning, acting, enjoying, and worrying.The clinical signs of threatening or approaching death includes the following inability to swallow pitting edema decreased gastrointestinal and urinary tract activity bowel and bladder incontinence loss of motion, sensation, and reflexes elevated temperature but cold or clammy skin cyanosis lowered blood pressure and noisy or irregular respiration. The lymph gland may or may non loss consciousness. The indicators o imminent death is outlined by authors Black, Hawks and Keene states that, Certain physical, cognitive, and behavioural changes occurs as a person enters the active dying process. The human body, like any other living organism, seeks survival in doing so, it oten alters normal physiology. As the body begins to dieblood is commonly shunted to the brain and the heart, the cardinal most common impo rtant organs. Thus, peripheral circulation is limited, leading to mottling of cyanosis. Because the kidneys are no longer perfused adequately, there is a decrease in urine output. Slowly, all body systems become involved in the dying process. Tachycardia and diminished dodo pressure are observed in acute phase of decompensation of the cardiovascular system. The respiratory system... ... The middle-aged often become preoccupied with death as age approaches whereas older adults ear lingering, incapacitating illness and realizes the imminence e death. While the individual is suffering the primary loss, the family and/or significant other must deal with not only the individual reactions, but also with the current loss. The family con ply a support system for the way in which the individual may deal with the loss. They mutually share feelings and openly communicate both negative and positivist emotions related to death. In contrast the family in some way is responsible for the death a nd may thus eel guilty. They may express feeling of anger, shame, overprotection, withdrawal, and identify with the loss or they may feel helpless or hopeless. In assessing the family reaction the nurse should identify the prior interaction style of the system.Although socio-economic status does not influence the degree of emotion experienced, the support system available to channel the emotions is affected. Financial resources including insurance policies, pensions and saving may provide the dying individual with more options to deal with the death.

Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc

Birth found and the effect it has on your dis assemble     Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect giving birth order forget have on their clawrens personalities. Genetic factors and another(prenominal) influences play a significant role, except the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the temperament of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such(prenominal) a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life.     Alfred Adler, an Austrian head-shrinker and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic stem and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall).      enjoyment Berthoud, author of Pecking Order, had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself, she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. Without exception, every(prenominal)one I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order. There are many variables, she was quick to superlative out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. A lady friend with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a fellow ten years order, who might well display more(prenominal) of the characteristics of a setoff or only child (Udall).     Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the mammy Institute of Technology, has studied the discordences in sets of siblings throughout history. He put down his findings in the book, Born to Rebel Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives. In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton).     Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and determined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child").     Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the ordinary characteristics.Birth order and your child. Familylinks At Parent and Child focal point Center.      6 March 2001.Brazelton, Berry. Why are siblings often so different? The Washington Times, 4     &nb spFebruary 2001, D1.Cook, Emma. No more like you at home. Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997,      pp 7.Parenting- Children. CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001.Payton, Chevonn. Birth order may appropriate clues to understanding you kids. The Kansas      City Star 29 June 1999.Udall, Elizabeth. How the family pecking order affects you. Independent, 16 September      1996, pp 6,7.White, Donna Gehrke. Birth order say more about your personality than many other      determinants, a study finds. The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999. Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc Birth order and the effect it has on your personality     Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect birth order will have on their childrens personalities. Genetic factors and other influences play a significant role, but the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the personality of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life.     Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic origin and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall).     Joy Berthoud, author of Pecking Order, had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself, she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. Without exception, everyone I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order. There are many variables, she was quick to poin t out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. A girl with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a brother ten years order, who might well display more of the characteristics of a first or only child (Udall).     Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has studied the differences in sets of siblings throughout history. He recorded his findings in the book, Born to Rebel Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives. In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton).     Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and det ermined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child").     Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the typical characteristics.Birth order and your child. Familylinks At Parent and Child Guidance Center.      6 March 2001.Brazelton, Berry. Why are siblings often so different? The Washington Times, 4      February 2001, D1.Cook, Emma. No more like you at home. Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997,      pp 7.Parenting- Children. CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001.Payton, Chevonn. Birth order may provide clues to understanding you kids. The Kansas      City Star 29 June 1999.Udall, Elizabeth. How the family pecking order affects you. Independent, 16 Sep tember      1996, pp 6,7.White, Donna Gehrke. Birth order say more about your personality than many other      determinants, a study finds. The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999.

Does Credentialing Produce Effective Teachers? :: Education Educational Essays

Does Credentialing Produce Effective Teachers? Controversy regarding the relationship between the competence of teachers and the performance of their scholarly persons causes some people to believe that the qualifications of teachers have no direct force out on their ability to teach efficiently. Others believe that poor student performance is directly caused by the teachers lack of preparation. Thus the question is teachers lack of preparation impart to poor student performance on standardized achievement tests? This review contains information regarding teacher credentialing what is a teacher credential, how is a sixfold-subject credential obtained in California, jot credentials, teacher credentialing is related to student performance, and teacher credentialing is not related to student performance. What is a teaching credential? Teacher credentialing is a process in which teachers beget recognized by the state as competent and professional in teaching. There are many different types of credentials, a primary one be a multiple subject credential. According to Dr. Ruth Norton, a professor of education at Cal State San Bernardino, a multiple subject credential allows a teacher to teach all subjects in a self-contained classroom in grades K-12. In California, the multiple subject credential generally applies to grades K-6 because of the structure of the inform systems grades 7-12 generally emphasize single-subject credentials. How is a multiple subject credential obtained in California? In speaking with Jason Moore, an advisor at CSUSB PALS office, to obtain a multiple subject credential in California it is required to have a baccalaureate degree from a four-year university, passed the California Basic Educational Skills Test (CBEST) during their next-to-last or senior year, and participate in a fifth year credential program. Currently, in the extended credential program, the Reading Instruction Competency judgment (RICA) test is required a nd as of September 2000, the Math Instruction Competency Assessment (MICA) will also be required. It should be noted that California is the only if state that requires the fifth year credential program. In addition, the state of California has a list of competencies of what every teacher should possess to be in effect(p) creating and maintaining effective environments, planning instruction and designing a learning experience for all students, engaging and supporting all students in learning, understanding and organizing subject matter for student learning, assessing student learning, and developing as a professional educator. Emergency Credentials

George Carlin :: essays research papers

Carlin, George 1938 -- Comedian, actor, writer. Born May 12, 1937, in the Bronx, New York. Carlin and his younger brother, Pat, were primarily raised by their mother in Manhattans Morningside Heights section. Mary Carlin, a devout Irish Catholic, worked as a secretary to support her children after the death of her husband in 1940. Carlin attend parochial school and much of his negative religious sentiment stems from his experience as a Roman Catholic altar boy. Carlin completed two years of high school before dropping out. At age 17, he enlisted in the U.S. Air Force as a computer mechanic and was stationed at Shreveport, Louisiana. Over the next three years, Carlin earned his high school equivalency and moonlighted as a disc jockey at a local Louisiana communicate station.In 1959, Carlin teamed up with Texas newscaster, Jack Burns. The pair collaborated on a morning radio show in Fort Worth before relocating to Hollywood, where they attracted the attention of the fabled Lenny Br uce. Bruce helped Burns and Carlin secure appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Burns and Carlin eventually split up, and over the next few years Carlin go on to make numerous appearances on The Tonight Show, as well as, The Merv Griffin Show.In the early 1960s, Carlin got his start as a stand-up comic by performing on the Las Vegas circuit and entertaining TV audiences. Carlin enjoyed moderate success until the mid-70s when he re-invented his image and adopted a less conventional, somewhat vulgar buffoonery routine. Carlins scripted monologues began to represent his disillusioned attitude toward the world in which explored the highly sensitive issues of Vietnam and the right to free speech.In July of 1972, Carlin was arrested for violating obscenity laws after his ill-famed routine Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television. As a self-professed atheist and avid cocaine user, his adversaries deemed him anti-religious and disrespectful of society. However, the c omedians new material brought him success from the younger counterculture. Carlin illustrated his anti-establishment views by being the first host of the risque TV show Saturday Night Live.In 1990, Carlin compiled a multi-CD differentiate that highlighted his work from the 70s, titled George Carlin The Little David Years (1971-77) (1990). The collection included the albums FM & AM, Class Clown, Occupation Foole, Toledo Window Box, An Evening With Wally Londo Featuring Slaszo, and On the Road. Carlin received two Grammy Awards for FM & AM (1990) and Jammin in New York (1992).

economics :: essays research papers

Lesson 1 ProjectEconomic Questions and VisionThe two major stinting systems in the gentleman are the capitalist (free market) economic system and the socialist economic system. The many different countries of the world usually have an economic system in purpose that contains elements of both capitalism and socialism. Since the philosophies of capitalism and socialism are opposite, an individual country and its economic system pass on answer key economic questions differently. Regardless of how a great deal that country or society supports either philosophy, the key questions their economic system must answer are the same. One question that must be answered is, what goods will be produced? Another question is how will these goods be produced? Also there is the question to be answered, for whom will these goods be produced? The location of the economies operation on the toil possibilities frontier (PPF) is also very important to production. The PPF is related to what goods are pr oduced which depends on whether the economic system is based on capitalism or whether it is based on socialism. What goods will be produced in a capitalist economic systemIs determined by what the market wants. As an example if the buyers and sellers want more computers, televisions, automobiles. houses, and entertainment or food to be produced, then the production of these products will take place. (pages 56, 57, 58, and 59 of Economics 6th edition by Roger A. Arnold)In the capitalist economic system the sellers usually respond to the buyers changes in wants or preferences also. Goods and services are produced when enough buyers exist that desire to buy those goods and services. If buyers start wanting more of a certain product than another, production usually shifts to meet the need. Capitalism is based on the concept of free enterprise and the principle of individual rights. This means emancipation from private and government coercion. Production and trade help to increase the wealthiness that people need to support their life. In the capitalism system the person who creates the wealth is the owner of that wealth. (http//www.capitalism.org)What goods will be produced in a socialist economic systemIs decided by the government in control. The government may or may not be responsive to the wants of the ordinary citizen. Some economist believe that one of the reasons for the fall of communism in the Soviet Union as well as in Eastern Europe was a decline in economic growth.

economics :: essays research papers

Lesson 1 ProjectEconomic Questions and VisionThe two major economic systems in the world are the capitalistic (free market) economic system and the socialist economic system. The many different countries of the world unremarkably have an economic system in place that contains elements of both capitalist economy and socialism. Since the philosophies of capitalism and socialism are opposite, an individual country and its economic system result answer key economic questions differently. Regardless of how much that country or society supports either philosophy, the key questions their economic system must answer are the same. One question that must be answered is, what goods will be produced? other question is how will these goods be produced? Also there is the question to be answered, for whom will these goods be produced? The location of the economies operation on the reapingion possibilities frontier (PPF) is likewise very important to production. The PPF is related to what good s are produced which depends on whether the economic system is based on capitalism or whether it is based on socialism. What goods will be produced in a capitalist economic systemIs determined by what the market wants. As an example if the buyers and sellers want more computers, televisions, automobiles. houses, and entertainment or feed to be produced, then the production of these products will take place. (pages 56, 57, 58, and 59 of Economics 6th edition by Roger A. Arnold)In the capitalist economic system the sellers usually respond to the buyers changes in wants or preferences also. Goods and services are produced when enough buyers exist that desire to buy those goods and services. If buyers start wanting more of a certain product than another, production usually shifts to meet the need. Capitalism is based on the concept of free enterprise and the principle of individual rights. This means freedom from private and political science coercion. Production and trade help to incr ease the wealth that people need to support their life. In the capitalism system the person who creates the wealth is the owner of that wealth. (http//www.capitalism.org)What goods will be produced in a socialist economic systemIs decided by the government in control. The government may or may not be responsive to the wants of the ordinary citizen. Some economist believe that one of the reasons for the fall of communism in the Soviet Union as well as in Eastern Europe was a decline in economic growth.

In Search of How People Change

How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not good understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. Modification of addictive behaviors involves progression by means of five stagesprecontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenanceand individuals typically recycle through these stages several times before termination of the addiction. Multiple studies provide strong support for these tages as good as for a finite and common set of change processes used to progress through the stages. Research to date supports a transtheoretical model of change that systematically integrates the stages with processes of change from diverse theories of psychotherapy.REFERENCES Abrams, D. B. , Follicle, M. J. , & Biener, L. (1988, November). Individual versus group sel f-help sens cessation at the workplace Initial impact and 12-month outcomes. In T. Glynn (Chair), Four National Cancer Institute-funded self-help smoking cessation trials Interim results and emerging patterns. Symposium conducted at the annual eeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York. Beitman, B. D. (1986).

The Base Stock Model

The Base Stock Model 1 Assumptions ? Demand occurs perpetually over time ? Times between consecutive orders are stochastic but independent and identically distributed (i. i. d. ) ? Inventory is reviewed continuously ? Supply leadtime is a resolved constant L ? There is no fixed cost associated with placing an order ? Orders that cannot be fulfilled immediately from on-hand stock certificate are backordered 2 The Base-Stock Policy ? stand out with an initial amount of fund R. Each time a new quest arrives, place a replenishment order with the provider. An order placed with the supplier is delivered L units of time after it is placed. ? Because demand is stochastic, we can have multiple orders (inventory on-order) that have been placed but not delivered yet. 3 The Base-Stock Policy ? The amount of demand that arrives during the replenishment leadtime L is called the leadtime demand. ? Under a base-stock policy, leadtime demand and inventory on order are the same. ? When leadtime demand (inventory on-order) exceeds R, we have backorders. 4 NotationI inventory direct, a random variable B number of backorders, a random variable X Leadtime demand (inventory on-order), a random variable IP inventory position EI Expected inventory level EB Expected backorder level EX Expected leadtime demand ED average demand per unit time (demand roam) 5 Inventory brace Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder backorder level 6 Inventory Balance Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder backorder level ?Under a base-stock policy with base-stock level R, inventory position is always kept at R (Inventory position = R ) IP = I+X B = R EI + EX EB = R 7 Leadtime Demand ? Under a base-stock policy, the leadtime demand X is independent of R and depends only on L and D with EX= EDL (the textbook refers to this quantity as ? ). ? The distribution of X depends on the distribution of D. 8 I = max0, I B= I B+ B=max0, B-I = B I+ Since R = I + X B, we also have IB=RX I = R X+ B =X R+ 9 ? EI = R EX + EB = R EX + E(X R)+ ?EB = EI + EX R = E(R X)+ + EX R ? Pr(stocking out) = Pr(X ? R) ? Pr(not stocking out) = Pr(X ? R-1) ? Fill rate = E(D) Pr(X ? R-1)/E(D) = Pr(X ? R-1) 10 Objective Choose a value for R that minimizes the sum of expected inventory attribute cost and expected backorder cost, Y(R)= hEI + bEB, where h is the unit holding cost per unit time and b is the backorder cost per unit per unit time. 11 The Cost Function Y (R) ? hE I ? bE B ? h( R ? E X ? EB) ? bE B ? h( R ? E X ) ? (h ? b) E B ? h( R ? E DL) ? (h ? b)E ( X ? R? ? h( R ? E DL) ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? 12 The Optimal Base-Stock Level The optimal value of R is the smallest whole number that satisfies Y (R ? 1) ? Y ( R) ? 0. 13 Y ( R ? 1) Y ( R) ? h ? R ? 1 ? E DL ? ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ( x ? R ? 1) Pr( X ? x ) ? h ? R ? E DL ? ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ? ( x ? R ? 1) ? ( x ? R) ? Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x ? R? 1 Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R ? 1) ? h ? (h ? b) ? 1 ? Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? b ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? ? 14 Y ( R ? 1) Y ( R) ? 0 ? ?b ? (h ? ) Pr( X ? R) ? 0 b ? Pr( X ? R) ? b? h Choosing the smallest whole number R that satisfies Y(R+1) Y(R) ? 0 is equivalent to choosing the smallest integer R that satisfies b Pr( X ? R) ? b? h 15 Example 1 ? Demand arrives one unit at a time fit in to a Poisson process with compressed ?. If D(t) denotes the amount of demand that arrives in the interval of time of length t, then (? t) x e t P r( D ( t ) ? x ) ? , x ? 0. x ? Leadtime demand, X, can be shown in this causa to also have the Poisson distribution with (? L ) x e L P r( X ? x ) ? , E X ? L , and V ar ( X ) ? ? L . x 16 The Normal Approximation ? If X can be approximated by a normal distribution, then R * ? E ( D ) L ? z b /( b ? h ) V ar ( X ) Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) V ar ( X )? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) ? In the case where X has the Poisson distrib ution with mean ? L R * ? ? L ? z b /( b ? h ) ? L Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) ? L ? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) 17 Example 2 If X has the geometric distribution with parameter ? , 0 ? ? ? 1 P ( X ? x ) ? ? x (1 ? ? ). ? EX ? 1? ? Pr( X ? x ) ? ? x Pr( X ? x ) ? 1 ? ? x ? 1 18 Example 2 (Continued)The optimal base-stock level is the smallest integer R* that satisfies Pr( X ? R * ) ? b b? h ln b b ? h ? 1 ln ? ? 1? ? R * ? 1 b ? ? R* ? b? h b ? ? ln ? ? * b? h ? R ? ln ? ? ? ? ? 19 Computing Expected Backorders ? It is sometimes easier to first work up (for a given R), EI ? ? R x? 0 ( R ? x ) Pr( X ? x ) and then obtain EB=EI + EX R. ? For the case where leadtime demand has the Poisson distribution (with mean ? = E(D)L), the following relationship (for a fixed R) applies EB= ? Pr(X=R)+(? -R)1-Pr(X? R) 20

Religious participation Essay

Women are more likely to attend church, and more likely to say they belong to a church, hence their religiosity emphasises commitment and membership (Jacklin 1970s) however this point was criticised by early feminist who believe women also have a strong religious imprint and its absurd to say their religiosity only extents to commitment and membership, these factors exist as they are trying to set a good example for their family through and through providing some other form of secondary socialisation.Another reason for womens more involvement in religion is due(p) to a concept introduced by Miller and Hoffman who demand that because of differential socialisation, girls universe socialised to be passive and to act more traditional and conservative, therefore their more religious. Due to things such as gendered language and subjects at schools e. g. child care women are warmed into the traditional nuclear family ideologies and acting as mechanism of Parsons warm bath theory takin g on the communicative role.Another reason is a biological reason due to males higher testosterone levels religion doesnt provide them with satisfactory answers during times when they pick up salvation e. g. absolute poverty therefore their more likely to take a pro-active approach such as crime. A second reason mentioned by Miller and Hoffman id differential roles and thats the fact women have different positions to men in society, women in paid work are given a second class status even after the womens liberation movements in the 1970s, prejudice is still strong within rationalised culture of paid work e.g. women cant overcome their glass ceiling therefore all the high powered jobs are male occupied. Due to this females are discriminated against in a socially desirable panache as they are again given the traditional family roles e. g. women get a 9 month maternity leave compared to men who get 2 weeks women through stereotypical views are given the expressive role involving t he private sphere. However these points have been criticised as the economy over the past years has become more and more more feminised just like other aspects of society and the superstructure e.g. education, these have been refereed to as the gender-quake. Neo-Marxist Zertsky would argue that women are acting as part of the safety-valve in order for the developing of the subject-class to continue, this is way capitalist society controlled by the oppressor has enforced such ruling-class ideologies into peoples lives. Another reason for womens more involvement in religion is due to autochthonic socialisation, role models.They were probably raised by a mother who placed emphasis on religion, due to feeling marginalised and going through a crisis of invigoration as they were in a time of uncertainty (not knowing how to raise their chills) therefore through the theodicys of religion which acted as a tonic of assumption for them they were given a guide. Another fact to consider is that women simply live longer then men, therefore during times of loneliness they turn to religion as it provides them with a sense of community, and those who migrate to other countries religion allows cultural transition (Bruce).Marxist feminist Beauvoir recognises the unjust situation of women in society and argues they are being doubly-exploited. Beauvoir believes that religion provides a theodicy of dispirivelege for women providing them with a sacred canopy and acting as a bulwark against anomie (Berger) is a postmodern society. Stark and Bainbridge argue due to the compensation that religion provides, exchange theory, women feel more secure about life on earth as they defer their gratification.

Development in a Country Cause Significant Damage to the Environment? Essay

In this essay I am going to examine whether development in a country causes evidential damage to the environment.Firstly, when a country becomes developed, they have to become industrialised first. This means that the country changes from existence mainly an agricultural production and people sustentation in the countryside, to the people flocking to the newly increasing cities, in search of more m unrivaledy and work from the factories that have been put there. With lots of people living in one area, things and places start to become contaminated, such as rivers as many cities are based around them. Fish that would once have lived in the river would be out(p) due to the boats driving up the river to take or deliver supplies to the city. This is a serious issue for the world as for humans to wipe out an built-in specie can have serious consequences, for example people further up the river might depend on the fish to eat, and just because the city being there, could threaten the e xistence of the community.Secondly, TNCs will move their factories to developing countries due to lower tax laws which will boost their overall profits. When they build these factories the amount of defilement that is produced will be incredible that it is visible when you look at them. This causes the air that people breathe when they are at work and for the people are living in the surrounding areas to be very dangerous and contaminated, with some cases of people becoming very ill. In a country such as china for example, lung cancer is more common here than anywhere else in the world and this is caused by the amount off pollution produced by the factories. Also, whole cities in china have been built in china where practically no one lives in, so people can go and live their to work in the factories, however, as no one lives there the raw materials have been wasted and caused pollution being made, but being useless.Finally, in developing countries, their natural resources are co mmonly drained by western countries or TNCs who exploit the developing countries for the materials that they desperately need. However when the resources have impart out, if the world doesnt have some other energy resource other than oil, then the world will go backwards in time and technology, because we wont be able to run simple things like radiators for example. In conclusion, I feel TNCs are a major part to blame in the damage to environments, especially in certain areas like Asia, as they the exploit the easy law on pollution ect. to maximise their profits, but however dont think of the make and consequences.Natural resources going to run out soon be moving backwards instead of forwards

Adoption Of ICT In The Tourism And Hospitality Industry Essay

AbstractInformation Communication Technologies (ICTs) have revolutionised the travel attention in the last decade. e touristry reflects the digitalisation of all processes and nourish shackles in the tourism, travel, cordial reception and catering industries. It emerges as a term describing the stallion range of applications of ICTs on tourism and the implications for the tourism value chain. Major opportunities and challenges have emerged and need to be address by all industry players. However, the level of eTourism developments varies amid regions, countries and continents. The tourism firmament is experiencing an acceptance of ecommerce to the extend that the whole industry body structure is changing .The web is employ non only for information gathering but as well as for ordering service .A new type of accustomr is emerging one who acts as his or her own travel agent and build a personalised travel package .This research foc drops on evaluating the current status of Me ikles Hotel Zimbabwe in order to l residual the keep abreastion of ecommerce applications on the cordial reception sector.1. IntroductionMathieson and Wall (1982) created a good working definition of tourism as the temporary movement of people to destinations impertinent their normal places of work and residence, the activities under producen during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their inevitably. The tourism industry requires a diverse range of information and lends itself well to the support offered by exploitation mul termdia, dialogue technologies and information governing bodys .The internet erects an extra ordinary connectivity and the ability to communicate efficiently and effectively directly with customers at a reasonable woo .Its potence to generate more revenue is not questionable but is acknowledged as virtuallything the tourism industry in evolution countries needs. According to the orbit Tourism Organization 2002, Tourism in many developing and least highly- genuine countries is the roughly viable and sustainable sparing development option, and in some countries, the primary(prenominal) source of foreign exchange earnings. Implications of the Internet and other festering interactive mul clipdia platforms for tourism promotion atomic summate 18 far reaching and alter the structure of the industry. This research aimed to explore the impact of ICTs and theInternet in particular for the future competitoryness of the tourism and hospitality industry. This paper explores the current state of eTourism development and examines the use of the Internet in the sector.The rapid development and commercialization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for the travel and tourism industry has prompted hotels and other enterprises in this sector to increasingly adopt these technologies. This is commit on the expectation that the new ICT based technologies and processes would lead to an changement in their operational efficiencies and customer service levels. Buhalis, D. (2003 77). The ICT based products and processes help the hotels to enhance the operating efficiency, improve the service survive as well as earmark a means to access securities industrys on a global basis. Brussels, 2005. Says The use of ICTs is a relevant opportunity for growing and strengthening a local tourism industry, and for the development of destinations economies overall. Specifi environy ICTs have the potential to increase destination incomes for financing economic and social development. While ICTs were used in the hotel industry from the late seventies in the form of calculatorized Reservation placements and Global distribution systems, it was only in the 90s that the ICTs began to make a difference in the hospitality sector. Nowadays the internet has turned into an informative channel providing both individuals and organisations with different types of information making them aw are(p) of new tourism and old travel opportunities and offers enabling them to compare the offers, have online purchases and provide feedback. It has in like manner turned into a source for travel agencies and organisations to promote their run and products to their potential customers. As the internet is being used oecumenic it was important for Meikles hotel to implement hence the creation of its web site www.meikles.com Meikles HotelMeikles Hotel is situated in the watch of Harare and overlooks the historic landmark and colourful flower gardens of Africa Unity Square. According to Experience Zimbabwe, Meikles is consistently voted as one of the best hotels in Zimbabwe, Meikles Hotel is a rarified member of The Leading Hotels of the World, a honored hospitality organisation which represents some of the worlds most acclaimed hotels, spas and resorts. Established in 1928, the organisation exists to meet the needs of discerning travellers and for ahotel to be recognised by this body, it needs to exceed every expectation and achieve exacting standards of excellence. Executive chairman Mr Onias Makamba says Meikles Hotel has won the prestigious Association of Zimbabwean Travel Agents (AZTA) award for Best City Hotel in Zimbabwe for an astonishing 15 consecutive years. This award is voted on by AZTA members and is based on feedback effrontery to travel agents by their many clients across the world. Problem DefinitionThere have been a lot of changes in the rapid growing world of technology. Changes in the technological world have made organizations to change the direction they conduct their day to day worry in order to provide satisfactory services language. Effective delivery of service is defined by Martin (2004) as providing products and services that bring utility to users and customers. E-tourism is offering significant benefits for organizations that integrate the technology into their organizational information systems. This versatile technology im proves information quality and accessibility, increases operational efficiency (service delivery) and enhances effective focusing (Maamar, 2006). Despite these highly perceived benefits of e-tourism its adoption has been relatively slow in Zimbabwe. Currently, there are no studies which have been railway automobileried out in Zimbabwe to identify the benefits and challenges of adopting ICT in the tourism and hospitality industry. Hence it is the i muss time to carry out an investigation on the adoption of ICT in the tourism and hospitality industry. ObjectivesThe key objective of this research has been to examine the Adoption of ICT in the tourism industry mainly looking at Meikles Hotel in Zimbabwe .In particular the research examines the level of ICT diffusion in tourism enterprises. Another objective is to Identify the factors change E-tourism in Zimbabwe The paper also assesses how eTourism concepts and techniques can contribute towards the improvement of the Zimbabwe touris m competitiveness. RESEARCH QUESTIONSI. At what rate is ICT being adopted in the tourism and hospitality industry in Zimbabwe? II. What factors are encouraging or discouraging the adoption of ICT in the tourism and hospitality industry of Zimbabwe. 2. Literature freshen upLiterature review is a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and interpreting the existing body of recorded work produced by other scholars (Khan, 2008, p.41). The literature review focuses on the impacts of ICTs on tourism and the eCommerce developments in Zimbabwe. It also implicates a brief section on Tourism in Zimbabwe which provides the contextual environment that determines the requirements for eTourism in the country.2.1 ICT Developments and eCommerce in ZimbabweThere are various factors that have affected the adoption of ecommerce in Zimbabwe, these include Software development tools are still evolving .It is difficult to integrate Internet and e-commerce software with some existing (especially legacy) applications and databases .Special web servers are needed in addition to the nedeucerk servers, which add to the cost of ecommerce. The Standard June 5, 2011 says the adoption of the multiple currency system in 2009 presented a strong opportunity for the ontogenesis of e-commerce in Zimbabwe. It said Zimbabwe now had a chance to catch up with the rest of the world if the financial and retail sectors took the lead. Internet accessibility is still expensive and or inconvenient .Powertel Communications, a government owned internet provider, is one of the 12 POTRAZ licensed Internet gateway Providers in Zimbabwe. In June 2014 Powertel mobile broadband price were $50/month .The price of the modem $45.Every Zimbabwean cannot afford these prices. The Financial Gazette 3 Oct 2013 states Despite the growth of the Information Communication applied science (ICT) sector in the country, which has seen internet penetration rising from five to 47 percent in th e past five years, the cost of accessing the internet still die hards high. The improved internet penetration is largely credited to the ICT Strategic Plan crafted by the then ministry of ICT under Nelson Chamisa.Customers attitudes towards online shopping remain skeptical, mainly because of worries about product quality, product delivery, and bail and privacy issues (Ghazali et al., 2006 Scott & Scott, 2008). People do not yetsufficiently trust paperless, faceless transactions .Payment guarantor and privacy concerns are one of the major non technological barriers that prevent consumers from completing transactions online Lack of trust in e-commerce and in unknown sellers hinders buying. Online fraud is also increasing.Some customers like to feel and touch products. They are afraid that if they purchase without actually touching the products they might not get exactly what they ordered. Also, customers are repelling to the change from shopping at a brick-and-mortar store to a vi rtual store.The lack of standards in technology and its applications eventually increases the cost of system consolidation for effective and efficient direction in distribution, operation and communication worldwide. Large hospitality corporations have invested to transform their systems into a total netware system however, minor(ip) and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMEs) struggle to integrate the systems due to a shortage of financial sourcesFactors Determining the Adoption of ICTs In Zimbabwean Hotels There are a number of factors that affect the adoption of ICT in hotels these will be discussed below. In the hotel industry, the geographic location of a hotel has a major impact on its operations and profitability. The geographical location of a hotel would greatly determine the profile of its visitors, the size of its market and the level of competition that it has to face. A hotel will therefore be more inclined to adopt ICTs if it expects the ICT based facilities to ei ther provide greater competitive advantage or to blunt the advantage enjoyed by its competitors considering the characteristics of its customer profile, its market size and the passion of competition that it has to face. Thus based on the profile of a hotels visitors, the size of the market, or the intensity of competition, hotels whitethorn differ in their levels of ICT adoption propensity.The market size, in terms of the number of tourists who visit the location, will also be a significant factor that affects ICT adoption , since hotelsin smaller underdeveloped destinations may need to use the internet and other ICT based technologies to a greater degree to reach out to the global population than hotels located in developed destinations. According to Bajaj and Nag (2005) a range of advanced ICT systems much(prenominal) as Decision Support System (DSS) can be applied to gain authentic benefits on practical levels not only by large organisations, but also by small and medium-size d business organisations as well. Bajaj and Nag (2005) argue that DSS desegregation by small and medium-sized organisations can assist management by generating a set of alternative solution options to management problems of various levels complexitiesThe competition level among the hotels in a location, can also influence the adoption of ICTs. The general occupancy rate in the location is an indicator of the competitive intensity among the hotels in a location. High levels of occupancy rate at a location imply that the competition is low, and the hotels can expect to get their dwells filled with relative ease while low levels of occupancy point towards higher levels of competition to attract customers between the hotels in the location. High levels of competition may prompt the hotels to aggressively use ICT based technologies both for attracting customers as well as to increase the efficiency of its operations.The size of the hotel has an important effect on ICT adoption. Effecti ve adoption of several ICT technologies requires a substantial investment of resources. Lack of resources may affect the inclination of small hotels to adopt costly ICTs and therefore large hotels can be expected to be more inclined to ICTs. Further the risky nature of investing in new technologies may prompt small hotels to wait till the technology has stabilise before investing in it.Another aspect of the hotel size that can influence adoption of ICTs is the inclination to change within the organization. Large hotels have been base to be more resistant to change than small firms. This fact tends to suggest that large hotels are less inclined to adopt ICTs than small hotels as unyielding as the investment required is not a consideration.The scope of activities that the hotel is engaged in can also influence adoption of ICTs. Since ICTs enable an effective integration of activities of an organization, hotels with varied lines of activities would find more use in the adoption of I CTs than hotels with a relatively lesser span of activities. 2.2 Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the Tourism sector The internet has do a key application in the tourism industry. Tourism providers have been using the internet to communicate, distribute and market their products to potential customers worldwide in a cost- and time-efficient way. In fact, the individual company website had become the most important platform for e-commerce, followed by electronic markets. The main focus of e-business processes in the tourism industry has been on customer facing activities and services, i.e. primarily e- trade and e-sales. Online engagement and reservation services were widely accepted among consumers and business travellers already in 2005. Similarly, online purchasing had become a relatively well-used application in the tourism sector.Parsons and Oja (2013) mention online reservations systems as one of the greatest impacts of ICT on tourism and hospitality secto r. Tourism has closely been attached to progress of ICTs for over 30 years. The establishments of the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs) in the 1970s, Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) in the late 1980s and the Internet in the late mid-nineties have transformed operational and strategic practices dramatically in tourism .The tourism industry at first focused on utilizing computerized systems (e.g., CRS, GDS) to increase efficiency in processing of internal information and managing distribution. Nowadays, the Internet and ICTs are relevant on all operative, structural, strategic and marketing levels to facilitate global interaction among suppliers, intermediaries and consumers around the world. In this section, we will provide the concepts and definitions of the key terms tie in to the Internet and ICTs.2.2.1 Electronic tourism (e-tourism)It is the application of ICTs on the tourism industry (Buhalis, 2003). Buhalis (2003) suggests that e-tourism reflects the digitisation of all processes and value chains in the tourism, travel, hospitality and catering industries. At the tactical level, it includes e-commerce and applies ICTs for maximising the efficiency and effectiveness of the tourismorganisation. At the strategic level, e-tourism revolutionises all business processes, the entire value chain as well as the strategic relationships of tourism organisations with all their stakeholders.E-tourism determines the competitiveness of the organisation by taking advantage of intranets for reorganising internal processes, extranets for developing transactions with trusted partners and the Internet for interacting with all its stakeholders and customers. The e-tourism concept includes all business functions (i.e., e-commerce, e-marketing, e-finance and e-accounting, eHRM, e-procurement, e-production) as well as e-strategy, e-planning and e-management for all sectors of the tourism industry, including tourism, travel, transport, leisure, hospitality, principals, inte rmediaries and public sector organisations. Hence, e-tourism bundles unitedly three distinctive disciplines business management, information systems and management, and tourism.II.2.2 Computer reservation system (CRS)The 1989 CRS Regulation51 defined a computerized reservation system as a system for reserving and booking seats on commercial flights electronically, as well as storage and retrieval of itineraries. Several airlines own and market such systems, which are used by travel agents. A few include Sabre (produced by American Airlines), Amadeus, and Worldspan. It is a database which enables a tourism organisation to manage its inventory and make it hearty to its partners. Principals utilise CRSs to manage their inventory and distribute their capacity as well as to manage the drastic expansion of global tourism. CRSs often charge competitive commission rates while enabling flexible pricing and capacity alterations, to adjust supply to demand fluctuations. Airlines pioneered th is technology, although hotel chains and tour operators followed by developing centralised reservation systems. CRSs can be characterised as the circulation system of the tourism product. II.2.3 Global distribution systems (GDSs)The business dictionary defines a global distribution system as a worldwide computerized reservation network used as a single point of access for reserving airline seats, hotel rooms, rental cars, and other travel relateditems by travel agents, online reservation sites, and large corporations. The premier global distribution systems are Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre, and Worldspan. They are owned and operated as joint ventures by major airlines, car rental companies, and hotel groups. Also called automated reservation system (ARS) or computerized reservation system (CRS).Since the mid 1980s, airline CRSs developed into GDSs by gradually expanding their geographical insurance coverage as well as by integrating both horizontally, with other airline systems, and ver tically by incorporating the entire range of principals, such as accommodation, car rentals, train and ferry ticketing, entertainment and other provisions. In the early 1990s, GDSs emerged as the major driver of ICTs, as well as the backbone of the tourism industry and the single most important facilitator of ICTs globalisation (Sheldon, 1993). In essence, GDSs matured from their original development as airline CRSs to travel supermarkets. Since the late 1990s GDSs have emerged as business in their own right, specialising in travel distribution.2.2.4 IntermediariesIntermediaries (brokers) play an important role in commerce by providing value-added activities and services to buyers and sellers. The most well-known intermediaries in the physical world are wholesalers and retailers. Traditionally, intermediaries of the travel industry have been outbound and inbound travel agencies and tour operators. However, the Internet restructured the entire touristic value chain, forcing the exist ing intermediaries to take up the new medium and to develop corresponding business models.2.2.5 e-Travel agenciesICTs are irreplaceable tools for travel agencies as they provide information and reservation facilities and support the intermediation between consumers and principals. Andreas Papatheodorou (2006) Travel agencies operate various reservation systems, which mainly enable them to check availability and make reservations for tourism products. Until recently GDSs have been critical for business travel agencies to access information and make reservations on scheduled airlines, hotel chains, car rentals and a variety of ancillary services. GDSs help construct complicated itineraries, whilethey provide up-to-date schedules, prices and availability information, as well as an effective reservation method. In addition, they offered internal management modules integrating the back office (accounting, commission monitor, personnel) and front end office (customers history, itinerar y construction, ticketing and communication with suppliers). Multiple travel agencies in particular experience more benefits by achieving better coordination and control between their remote branches and headquarters. legal proceeding can provide invaluable data for financial and operational control as well as for marketing research, which can analyze the market fluctuations and improve tactical decisions Hotels use ICTs in order to improve their operations, manage their inventory and maximise their profitability. Their systems facilitate both in-house management and distribution through electronic media. plaza management systems (PMSs) coordinate front office, sales, planning and operational functions by administrating reservations and managing the hotel inventory. Moreover, PMSs integrate the back and front of the house management and improve general administration functions such as accounting and finance marketing research and planning forecasting and yield management payroll an d personnel and purchasing. Understandably, hotel chains gain more benefits from PMSs, as they can introduce a unified system for planning, budgeting and controlling and coordinating their properties centrally.Hotels also utilise ICTs and the Internet extensively for their distribution and marketing functions. Global charge is essential in order to enable both individual customers and the travel trade to access accurate information on availability and to provide sluttish, efficient, gaudy and reliable ways of making and confirming reservations. Although Central Reservation Offices (CROs) introduced central reservations in the 1970s, it was not until the expansion of airline CRSs and the recent ICT developments that forced hotels to develop hotel CRSs in order to expand their distribution, improve efficiency, facilitate control, empower yield management, reduce labour costs and enable rapid response time to both customers and management requests. Following the development of hotel CRSs by most chains, the issue of interconnectivity with other CRSs and the Internet emerged.This reduces both set-up and reservation costs, whilstfacilitates reservations through several distribution conduct 2.3 Tourism in ZimbabweIn the past, tourism contributed significantly to the GDP of Zimbabwe, and created many employment and business opportunities for locals in the 1990s. But it has faced a great dusk since 2000. A number of Zimbabwean tourist attractions are marketed online by South African companies and they have created an impression to some international tourists that they are located in South Africa. E-tourism has always seemed like a no-brainer for Zimbabwe, as money can be paid direct to hotels and suppliers. But obstacles like the lack of access to communication in remote areas, un authoritative electricity availability, high cost of bandwidth, the lack of integrated, real-time reservation systems and local online payment gateways have thus far stymied progress. H owever, with the reach of voice and data-oriented telecommunications in some remote tourist areas, there is more access to information via websites by foreign tourists looking for a good vacation resort. In other parts of Africa, arrival of cheaper bandwidth has lessened the barriers to communication and the worlds Online Travel Agencies like Expedia are showing a real fill in the continent. Ten years ago no-one was talking about online tourism. The tourism trade tended to focus on going to big trade events like World Tourism Markets, with brochures and doing support advertising in key markets. The travel agents tended to suggest where people went and to some extent picked the destinations.As a result, a great deal of the revenues went to large, international hotel chains and not much of the money was retained locally. According to The Zimbabwean (22 June 2011) 56% of travel globally is booked online and the rise of the Online Travel Agents has been uns authorisepable. These OTAs, as they are known in the trade, include Expedia, Travelocity, Lastminute.com and Bookings.com who have significant market share in Africa. Expedia has actually opened an office to focus on Africa. It goes on to say In 2005, less than 2% of tourism revenues in Africa came from online booking. In 2010, buoyed by the World Cup, that percentage rose to 5% and looks set to go to somewhere between 15-20% by 2016. The World Cup may have been a one-off boost but it accelerated the growth of online tourism in South Africa. 50% of Americans read an online review before booking internationally and thats usuallyeither Trip Advisor or Facebook. (Trip Advisor is now owned by Expedia). Most international travellers have credit cards and increasingly expect to be able to book online for anything from the smallest travel lodge to the largest hotel chain. So what are the barriers? The miss piece was e-commerce. There used to be no route for doing online transactions in other countries in Africa in cluding Zimbabwe. Online distribution by the OTAs requires a reservation system that offers real-time availability. OTAs wont do business with you unless you have that.In Zimbabwe there are few tourist resorts offering e-commerce reservation and booking services. Shearwater Adventures in Victoria Falls offer online booking and payment services, which have attracted a large number of tourists over the years. The second missing piece was the ability and tools to do online marketing. The companies needed marketing skills, especially with social media. Todays tourist wants to hear from other travellers (through Facebook and Trip Advisor) and are not that raise in what the hotel has to say. For example, hotel chains Africa Sun and Cresta Hotels have invested in websites and Facebook groups where reviews are easily accessible to prospective tourists. Now that the data oriented communication and cheaper bandwidth is slowly becoming available end-to-end the country, telcos and ISPs need t o focus specifically on those industry sectors that are most likely to make the online transition fastest. It must be possible in the draw near future for a heritage site in Binga to be marketed online to the world and attract visitors. 3. Research MethodologyTo fulfil the objectives of this research a number of methods were used. both primary and secondary data were therefore essential. Given the dynamic nature of the subject area, multiple primary research approaches were adopted, including both qualitative and quantitative methods (Phillip, 1998). Bryman (1998) explains that the two methods are complementary rather than competing, especially for exploratory research.The researcher made use of the internet and some library books to carry out the research and establish the solutions to the research objectives .First a qualitative approach was adopted in order to enable the appreciation of all aspects of the subject and to develop a set of the most critical variablesto be include d afterwards into a questionnaire. The main objective was to objectively establish the level of eCommerce and the on-line representation of Zimbabwean tourism.The second story involved semi-structured interviews aimed to elicit critical issues and to explore the key factors that determine the development of eTourism in Zimbabwe. In-depth interviews are considered as the most appropriate method to obtain information about perceptions, attitudes and beliefs. Judgmental sampling was employed and interviewees were selected as pioneers in eTourism in Zimbabwe, as determined by their online presence assessed in the previous phase of the research. Owners and marketing managers of organisations that run innovative web sites, as demonstrated by the methods used to interact with their clientele, were targeted and an interview was requested.The sample was chosen to include interviewees who would be informed, reflecting their particular experience and outlook on the research area. Twenty five tele scream contacts were made and 28 interviews were finally conducted, which resulted in a 51% response rate .The reasearcher also made use of the questionnaires. The questionnaires designed by the researcher had both open ended questions thus allowing a respondent to fully express the answer and unkindly questions which only provided simple choice of answer such as yes or no. Questionnaires were used by the researcher because they saved time and they were an inexpensive way of surveying a cross section of people.Questionnaires allowed the researcher to guide the respondent along the lines regarding the topic under study and responses obtained from closed ended questions are easy to analyze. Questionnaires allowed the respondents to give freely the confidential information since the respondents were not required to disclose their identity. The researcher favoured the use of questionnaires because the analysis of data from close-ended question was easy. However data line of battl e through the use of questionnaires required a significant commitment, expertise, time and material resources. The researcher also remark that questionnaires were highly inflexible as they gave no room to rephrase questions, furthermore, some questions remainedunanswered and it affected the research findings.The researcher used simple wording in the questionnaires so that the respondents would not fail to understand the questions, that is, the researcher used simple wording to elaborate the meanings of what was being asked and required. The researcher also used face to face interviews. The researcher employed structured interviews to obtain flesh out and specific information from the Minister of Tourism and Hospitality Mr Mzembi. The questions presented to the Minister sought to determine the factors affecting adoption of ICTs in Zimbabwean hotel and also how far Zimbabwean hotels are in terms of adoption of ICTs. The interview also sought to discover challenges to implementing IC Ts and compliance at different hotels. The interview process proved time consuming and required persistence since the honourable Minister was a busy person and he was not easily available. The actual interview session had a length of 15 minutes due to the Ministers busy schedule.To avoid inconveniences, an appointment via e-mail and telephone call prior to interviewing visit was made. Goodman (2003) states that certain biases exist due to the tendency by the interviewer to ask wrong questions and be supplied with answers he expects to get. The researcher eliminated such errors by avoiding leading questions and taking a auditor approach instead of providing suggestions. Probing was only applied as a means of seeking clarifications. This technique was used because interviews are highly flexible and the researcher was able to rephrase the questions to make the respondent understand better.Dennis (2003), states that an interview is whereby the researcher and the respondents discuss ver bally with each other either face to face, over the phone or over the internet. Interviews allow probing on open ended questions, clarifications on ambiguous questions and sequencing of questions is easily changed. However, the researcher noted that interviews were costly to run in terms of money and they are time consuming because the interviewee was a busy person hence the need of an appointment and the need of a telephone call reminding the interviewee about the appointment before thetime. The researcher also noted that the interview failed to give anonymity to the respondent, hence, there was a greater chance of being given biased information.RESULTSEight hotels participated in the survey Meikles hotel, Holiday inn (Bulawayo), Victoria falls, Regency Fairmile, Kadoma hotel, Midlands hotel. At the outset the author quotes from a number of previous reports, which indicate that ICT has not been implemented effectively in the hospitality industry Evidence from the literature review has shown that there are a number of factors, which affect technology adoption. These factors include organisational readiness, external pressure, internal expertise, support of owner or manager, user participation, efficient and effective use of any external expertise. The barriers which were uncovered by the research IT management training, dependency on outside experts and size and scale of enterprise are all directly related to the other factors which influence ICT adoption. The level of significance of these barriers varies between the tourism sub-sectors surveyed. This study has added new knowledge in terms of the significance of a number of further barriers to ICT adoption. They include peripheral or rural location, security concerns, cost issues, lack of capital, and personal background of the owner manager.A closer analysis of findings has revealed that although technology is available, some of it is obsolete or not necessarily functional. Hotels possess various outdated ve rsions of software packages which did not seem to serve them well. .The mode of Internet bookings is an important determinant of their success. A lot of Internet booking systems generates a booking in email format rather than integrating into the hotels reservation system online. This obviously limits the usefulness of these systems.DISCUSSIONThe adoption of ICTs at Meikles Hotel is proving to be growing fast this was noted by the stakeholder preparedness to harness it. Meikles hotel being afive star hotel recognised internationally, this pushes them to move along with technological changes. Meikles hotel is interested in improving in their service provision through the use of e-commerce, and the results of this study show that this is being done at a fast pace. The top management at Meikles hotel are quite literate hence the adoption of ICT is faster compared to other hotels .The C.E.O is a holder of an honours degree in Computer science .Although the use of ICTs has not yet revolu tionalised Meikles Hotels service delivery it has changed how some services such as bookings are being done. Meikles hotel has a website developed and maintained by an inhouse programmer .Their website is user friendly and they have all the information that one needs about the hotel. Meikles hotel started offering wireless network services to guest in 2006.They use Fidelio management system which integrates all the information from the reservations, banqueting, finance departments and the restaurants. They use point of sale systems.CONCLUSIONIt can be noted that the adoption of ICTs at Meikles Hotel is proving to be growing fast and it has been done to a very large extent. Although the use of ICTs has not yet revolutionalised Meikles Hotels service delivery it has changed how some services such as bookings are being done.ReferencesBuhalis, D (1998), Strategic Use of Information Technologies in the Tourism Industry, Tourism Management, Vol.19, pp.409-421.Connolly D. J and Olsen M. D( 2000) An Environmental Assessment of How Technology is reshaping the Hospitality Sector, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol.3 (1), pp.73 to93.Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D and Wanhill, S (1998) Tourism Principles and Practice, Pearson, Essex.Hoontrakul and Sahadev (2005*) Determinants of E-commerce Usage in the HotelBuhalis, D. (1997) Information technologies as a strategic tool for economic, cultural and environmental benefits enhancement of tourism at destination regions. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3 (1), 71-93.Buhalis, D. (2003). eTourism Information Technology for Strategic Tourism Management. London, UK Pearson (Financial Times/Prentice Hall).Morrison, A., Taylor, S., Morrison, A., and Morrison, A. (1999) Marketing small hotels on the world web 2 (2), 97113.OConnor, P. (2000) Using Computers in Hospitality, second edition. London Cassell.Peacock, M. (1995) Information Technology in Hospitality. London Cassell.OConnor, P. and Frew, A. (2000) Evaluati ng electronic channels of distribution in the hotel sector a Delphi study. Information Technology and Tourism, 3 (3/4), 177193.OConnor, P. and Horan, P. (1999) An analysis of web reservations facilities in the top 50 international hotel chains. International Journal of Hospitality Information Technology, 1 (1), 7787.

Marketing Strategies for Low-Income Customers Essay

Good old fashioned rock n roll could be dead. If a mobile phone ringtone in the shape of the vocalizations of the animated Crazy Frog dominates the billboard charts for months on end, then it could well signal the death call up for the industry, and how it operates. If this ubiquitous amphibians aurally annoying song, converted from a mobile phone ringtone, outsold even mainstay acts such as Oasis and Coldplay, why should medicament companies invest millions in cultivating fresh musical comedy talent, hoping for them to be the next big(p) liaison, when their efforts jakes be beaten by basic synthesizer music?The industry is facing a number of challenges that it has to address, such as strong competition, piracy, changing delivery coifs, increasing cost pressures, demanding pri-madonnas and changing customer needs. Gone be the days when music moguls were reliant on sales from albums alone, forthwith the industry trawls for revenue from a variety of sources, such as ringtones , merchandising, concerts, and music DVDs, supplement across-the-board back catalogues, and music rights from advertising, movies and TV programming.The music industry is in a state of flux at the moment. The cornerstone of the industrythe singles charthas been facing terminal decline since the mid-1990s. Some retailers are this instant not even stocking singles due to this marked freefall. Some industry commentators blame the meshwork as the sole ca economic consumption, firearm others point to value differences between the price of an album and the price of a single as too much. Likewise, some commentators criticize the glowering pre-release promotion of new songs, the targeting of ever-younger markets by pop acts, and the explosion of digital television music channels as root causes of the singles demise. The day when the typical record buyer browses through rows of shelves for a much sought-after band or song on a Saturday afternoon may be thing of the past.Long-term succ ess stories for the music industry are increasingly difficult to develop. The old tradition of A&R (which stands for Artists & Repertoire) was to sign, nurture and develop musical talent over a period of years. The industry relied on continually feeding the system with fresh talent that could prove to be the next big thing and capture the public imagination. Now corporate short-term thinking has enveloped business strategies. If an act fails to be an immediate hit, the record label drops them. The industry is instantly characterized by an endless succession of one-hit wonders and videogenic artist churning out classic cover songs, before vanishing off the celebrity radar. Four large music labels in a flash dominate the industry (see Table 1), and boast emerged through years of consolidation.The big quartet labels have the marketing clout and resources to invest heavily in their acts, providing them with valuable videos, publicity tours and PR coverage. This clout allows their a cts to get vital airplay and video rotation on dedicated TV music channels. Major record labels have been incriminate of offering cash inducements of gifts to radio stations and DJs in an effort to get their songs on playlists. This activity is known in the industry as radio payola.Consumer have flocked to the Internet, to download, to stream, to rip and burn copyrighted music fabric. The digital music revolution has changed the way people listen, use and obtain their deary music. The very business mildew that has worked for decades, buying a single or album from a high-street store, may not survive. practice of medicine executives are left questioning whether the Internet will despatch the music business model has been fundamentally altered. According to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), it estimated that 8 million people in the UK are downloading music from the Internet92 per cent of them doing so lawlessly. In 2005 alone, sales of CD singles fell by a colossal 23 per cent.To put the change into context, the sales of digital singles increased by 746.6 per cent in 2005. Consumers are buying their music through different channels and also listening to their favourate songs through digital media rather than through standard CD, cassette or vinyl. The emergence of MP3 players, particularly the immensely popular orchard apple tree iPod, has transformed the music landscape even further. Consumers are now downloading songs electronically from the Internet, and storing them on these digital devices or burning them onto rewritable CDs.Glossary of online music jargonStreaming Allows the user to listen to or watch a file as it is being simultaneously downloaded. Radio channels utilize this technology to transmit their programming on the Internet.Rip n burn Means downloading a song or audio file from the Internet and then burning them onto rewritable CDs or DVD.MP3 format MP3 is a popular digital music file format. The speech sound quality is similar to th at of a CD. The format reduces the size of a song to one-tenth of its original size allowing for it to be transmitted quickly over computer networks. apple iPod The digital jukebox that has transformed the fortunes of the pioneer PC maker. By the end of 2004 Apple is expected to have sold 5 million units of this ultra-hip gadget. It was the must-have item for 2003. The standard 20 GB iPod player can hold around 5000 songs. Other hardware companies, such as Dell & Creative Labs, have launched competing devices. These competing brands can retail for less than 75.Peer-to-peer networks (P2P) These networks allow users to share their music libraries with other net users. There is no central server, rather individual computers on the Internet communicating with one another. A P2P program allows users to search for hearty, such as music files, on other computers. The program lets users find their desired music files through the use of a central computer server. The system works lime thi s a user sends in a request for a song the system checks where on the Internet that song is located that song is downloaded directly onto the computer of the user who made the request. The P2P server never actually holds the physical music filesit just facilitates the process.The Internet offers a number of benefits to music shoppers, such as instant delivery, access to huge music catalogues and provision of other rich multi-media material like concerts or videos, access to samples of tracks, cheaper pricing (buying songs for 99p rather than an expensive single) and, above all, convenience. On the positive side, labels now have access to a wider global audience, possibilities of new revenue streams and leveraging their vast back catalogues. It has diminished the bargaining power of large retailers, it is a cheaper distribution medium than traditional forms and labels can now create value-laden multimedia material for consumers.However, the biggest problem is that of piracy and copyr ight theft. Millions of songs are being downloaded from the Internet illegally with no payment to the copyright holder. The Internet allows surfers to download songs using a format called MP3, which doesnt have inbuilt copyright protection, thus allowing the user to copy and share with other surfers with ease. Peer to peer (P2P) networks such as Kazaa and Grokster have emerged and exhibit an even deadlier threat to the music industrythey are enemies that are even harder to track and contain. Consumers can easily source and download illegal copyrighted material with considerable ease using P2P networks (see accompanying box).A large number of legal download sites have now been launched, where surfers can either stream their favourite music or download it for future use in their digital libraries. This has been due to the rapid success of small digital medial players such the Apple iPod. The legal downloading of songs has grown exponentially. A la carte download services and subscrip tion-based services are the two main business models. Independent research reveals that the Apples iTunes service has over 70 per cent of the market. Highlighting this growing phenomenon of the Internet as an official channel of distribution, new music charts are now being created, such as the Official Download Chart.Industry sources suggest that out of a typical 99p download, the music label get 65p, while credit card companies get 4p, leaving the online music store with 30p per song download. These services may fundamentally eradicate the concept of an album, with customers selecting only a smattering of their favourite songs rather than entire standard 12 tracks. These prices are having knock-on consequences for the pricing of physical formats. Consumers are now looking for a more value-laden music ingathering rather than simply 12 songs with an album cover. Now they are expecting behind the scenes access to their favourite group, live concert footage and other content-rich mat erial.Big Noise Music is an example of one of the legitimate downloading sites running the OD2 system. The site is different in that for every 1 download, 10p of the revenue goes to the charity Oxfam.The music industry is ferociously battle back by issuing lawsuits for breach of copyright to people who are illegally downloading songs from the Internet using P2P software. The recording industry has started to sue thousands of people who illegally share music using P2P. They are issuing warnings to net surfers who are P2P software that their activities are being watched and monitored.Instant Internet messages are being displace to those who are suspected of offering songs illegally. In addition, they have been awarded court orders so that Internet providers must identify people who are heavily involved in such activity. The music industry is also involved heavily in issue advertising campaigns, by promoting anti-piracy websites such as www.pro-music.org to educate people on the indu stry and the impact of piracy on artists. These types of public awareness campaigns are designed to illustrate the implications of illegal downloading.Small independent music labels view P2P networks differently, perceive them as vital in achieving publicity and distribution for their acts. These firms simply do not have the promotional resources or distribution clout of the big four record labels. They see P2P networks as an excellent viral marketing tool, creating buzz about a song or artist that will ultimately breath to wider mainstream and commercial appeal. The Internet is used to create communities of fans who are interested in their music, providing them access to free videos and other material.It allows independent acts the opportunity to distribute their music to a wider audience, building up their fan base through word of mouth. Savvy unsigned bands have sophisticated websites showcasing their work, and offering free downloads as well as opportunities for audio-philes t o purchase their tunes. Alternatively major labels still see that to gain success one has to get a video on rotation on MTV and that this in turn encourages greater airplay on radio stations, ultimately leading to increased purchases.

Law and Legal Instrumentalism Essay

Law, a set of coherent ordinances and determine at heart a lodge, is a human process. As such, it is life-and-death to approach its application within society in a pragmatic and realistic sense rather than a organizeal one, which views virtue as a set of mechanical and abstract principles. A sanctioned realist approach on fair play takes into account extra-legal factors which stand by shape how impartiality is applyd within a social context. This approach does non view the orbit of law as a literal set of principles to be formally detected and applied, scarcely recognizes that the indication of law by legal actors is manipulated by situational factors.BrianTamanaha in Law as a Means to an culmination Threat to the Rule of Law examines how law, originally understood as an instrumental to serve the social uncorrupted, is now just a mere instrument to further the goals and agendas of those who convey access in its engage (Tamanaha, 4). In essence, the nonion of a co mmon social good is no longer a qualifiable suss out of law. In a complex, multi-faceted society, it is optimistic to presume that there is a true identifiable social good. Thus, lawyers, legislatures, adjudicate and other legal actors argon capable of using law to further their personal or bodied political, social and economic interests.Tamanaha examines the ways in which legal actors, specifically cause litigants and decide, instrumentally exercise law. Thus, the term instrumentalism, a form of legal realism, is a pragmatic method which stems away from a formal application of law by critically examining cause litigation and judicial activism. Although law may be used as a mechanism to achieve a trustworthy outcome, it is not used lawlessly and without merit as lawyers are advocating for a broad social cause and settle use law based on the merits of the constitution, given the turn a profit of time and postulated reason of their decision fashioning.Brown, a case regarding segregation within the unite States emerged with lawyers stirring up lawsuits by informing African American citizens of their legal rights (Tamanaha 159). The process of instigating litigation was antecedently prohibited in common law practice it was not professionally ethical for lawyers to set lawsuits in motion. However, it became increasingly common for lawyers to achieve change in reality policy and legislation by engagement for a specific cause within the judicial arena. This ethod was forward-looking in that the courts became a battle welkin for interest groups seeking remedial change the decision of the law was not necessarily to compensate for whatsoever harm inflicted in the past, but to change the policy in the future. This expansion from the traditional bilateral litigation no longer was to award the affected parties with compensation, but became a method to attain a helpful decree (Tamanaha 161). Eventually, cause litigation was an make headwayd means to advance societal goals, in the sectors of environment shelterion, political reform and mental health, to name a few (Tamanaha 160).Although such slews of public policy appear to benefit society as a whole, the intent of the cause lawyers who instigate such legal actions is questionable to Tamanaha. The lawyers in these situations are no longer amoral technicians of law, but individuals who seek their own ideological implementation (Tamanaha 156). The cause which lawyers extend to towards becomes the primary concern, whereas the clients themselves are secondary, fulfilling the standing requirement before the court (Tamanaha 156).This can be very noisome to the clients because they may not be aware of the consequences of their legal actions. For instance, Baehr v. Lewin, 1993 was a successful lawsuit brought forth to let same-sex trades union in Hawaii. Although the litigants won, the ultimate consequence was detrimental following it was a series of amendments nation-wide which prohibit ed same-sex marriage (Tamanaha 167). The battlefield within the court became not a place to determine legal rights, but a remedial catalyst in public policy. Such political battles focus on adversarial ideologies rather than legal rules and merit.However, the work of cause litigants cannot be narrowly categorized as one that is pu believe self-serving. More oft than not, cause lawyers instigate lawsuits by informing the oppressed and disadvantaged of their rights. By doing so, they use law to encourage political change to the otherwise uninformed public. These causes often grow to become social movements as it provides the innovation for a sustained series of interactions between power holders and persons successfully claiming to speak on behalf of a constituency absentminded formal representation (Austin 2). This formal epresentation demands change from the power holders with a strong backing of social support. Often, these groups neglect the resources and skills which lawyers can provide, gainering their advice to enlighten the marginalized group to initiate and nurture political mobilization (Austin 4). The instrumental use of law by judges is immensely threatening to the judicial system and to a democratic society as a whole. Judges who use law to achieve a certain outcome undermines the rule of law. The legal system requires that judges be objective arbitrators of the law.As independent bodies, it is essential that they remain guileless in their decision reservation and delegate based on rule, and not personal preferences (Tamanaha 227). This is a crucial aspect of the rule of law, which binds the action of the state to pre-fixed rules, placing judges equal under and before the law, just as all other subjects of society. The rule of law ensures transparency and predictability which prevents the government from ruling coercively. It is an essential component to a democratic state.However, when judges decide a cases, they may be inclined to achieve a grouchy result. In essence, they are using laws to achieving another(prenominal) end, namely one that streng and thens their own ideological beliefs and interests. Whether it is a certain political philosophy or a particular social policy which they seek, arbitrarily decided cases and manipulated law enforcement defeats the characteristics of the judicial branch of the state. Because there is no particular hierarchy of values, judges are able to bear on some while extinguishing others.The general terms of legal rules allows judges to focus on the consequences of their decision. Their decisions pass on naturally be based on their political affiliations or ideological tendencies. Consequently, it is difficult to believe that judges are truly impartial in decision making. The result of judicial activism is that private attitudes become public law (Tamanaha 234). Further more(prenominal), the procedural process of the case takes a backwards approach the decision is made first, then it is justified by the legal rules which judges find applicable (Tamanaha 236)Nevertheless, there is a certain form of procedure which judges are bound to. Although values are not ranked hierarchically, there are two forms of rights obtained from the constitution specified rights and secondary rights (Bork 17). The latter is of utmost importance as it addresses the values held by the constitution, such as the right to vote or procedures in criminal processing, all which the courts need to protect (Bork 17). The former alludes to the principled rules which the original framers of the text intended to convey (Bork 17).Because constitutional law does not have a concrete theoretical premise on which adjudicators are required to base their decision making processes on, they are founded on neutral principles. That is, issues are addressed based on general principles postulated on reason to ensure that conflicting values are not lawlessly chosen over one another (Bork 2). Granted, there ar e adversaries in the legal principles to which judges ascribe. Therefore, it is critical for the judges to recognize that in deciding cases, they are setting legal precedent, and therefore should have a firm belief that the values creation applied are done so lawfully.These beliefs are in relation to the legal system as a whole, not their personal preferences (Bork 2). Ultimately, Borks concern lies not with the decisions made by judges but what makes their decisions legitimate. The courts essentially work as advocates for the minority who otherwise would have no say on the issue at occur. Helping the powerless realize their rights is a form of advocacy that judges take. It is not most undermining the rule of law, but giving opportunity to access the law (Bork 3).Nevertheless, it is crucial for judges to base their decisions off of neutral principles just as principles and values cannot be applied lawlessly, they just the same cannot be specify lawlessly (Bork 8). The critical e xamination of judicial review goes beyond its obvious implications and expositions of undermining the rule of rule. It is below the belt to presume that judges are completely unreasoned in their decision making. There is a level of predictability as judges are bound to legal precedent and cannot decide cases in an tyrannical manner.Although the courts are not elected officials who are granted the power to delegitimize legislation, they are in many ways better fitted out(p) in making such decisions. For instance, the courts are distanced from political or social pressure allows them to make well-informed decisions in a timely matter. Elected officials tend to act on expediency and pressure when it comes to making value-based decisions (Bickel 25). Essentially, they are inclined towards one side of the issue in order to appeal to the interest of the preponderating voters, as opposed to abiding to the fundamental values of law (Bickel 25).Judges on the other hand make decisions far from societal pressures, with more leeway in terms of time. This gives the courts the ability to make more calculated decisions, taking into consideration not only the fundamental values of the state but alike the unforeseen implications of a decision. (Bickel 26) In dealing with the pith and substance of a case, decisions are argued to be heavy second thoughts (Bickel 26). Ultimately, the use of law within a judicial context by judges and lawyers is not an arbitrarily unfair process.Such legal actors are bound to the values of the laws within society. Such values are premised on the rule of law, the foundational concept of a democratic society. Cause litigants are often tortuous in social issues and advocate for those who require a formal delegate. These cause lawyers may use law in such a way to achieve a certain outcome, but this outcome results in change in public policy to those who are otherwise be unaware of their legal rights. Moreover, although judges may have their own social desires and political preferences, they cannot easily sway towards them.Their professional duty requires them to be consciously rule-bound and rely on the precedent. Further, the basis of their decision is on neutral principles. Such principles are not vague and abstract, but stem from the precedent of previous judges in common law. Instrumentalism is pragmatic in that it recognizes that law is not a math there is not a formula which judges rely on. However, social movements and changes through the judiciary ensures that fresh insight is continuously brought about within society, giving fashion for social change and progress.

Deviance and Social Control

Deviance and companionable Control Final subject Submitted in P trickial Fulfillment of the Requirements for SOCL mavin hundred iodin Sociology By Social mold is techniques and strategies utilize for pr up to nowting pervert gentle demeanour in any gild. both directs of golf-club such(prenominal) as family, school, bureaucratic and government has just astir(predicate) form of neighborly soften. Ex axerophtholles of family favorable chasteness embarrass obeying your pargonnts rules, doing your homework and chores. School entangles standards they expect of students such as being on time, completing assignments and followers school ground rules.The bureaucratic organization empha surfaces the rules and procedures among their workers. The government expresses affectionate control finished justice enforcement and opposite formal sanctions. on that point be positive sanctions such as rewards for obedience and in that location argon controvert sanctions such a s penalties for disobedience. Positive sanctions washbasin include a pleasant smile of approval or range to a ceremony of honor. Negative sanctions include easy penalties such as fear, ridicule, sarcasm and even criticism or formal penalties such as law of naturefulness enforcement, jail sentences, and fines. Conformity and obedience ar 2 areas recognized for studying tender control.Conformity centre to go along with peers or various(prenominal)s of our sustain side with the t send a r turn outeency to depart our perceptions, opinions, or doings in focuss that are accept by the sort emerges norms. Factors relating to conformity include areas such as size of the radical, age goings, gender differences and cultural differences. On the former(a) hand obedience, which is compliance with mellow uper ascendance, can fuck off an impact on kindly control as well. Factors relating to obedience include complying with authority figures, the feeling of mortalal responsi bility, and the escalation of harm.With awareness of these factors the more likely mortal is to conform along with their peers and obey authority. Sanctions are used to promote conformity and obedience and are carried out through informal and formal sociable control. Informal companionable control is carried out casually by ordinary mountain to enforce norms through laughter, smile, and ridicule. Formal social control is used to enforce norms through authorized agents such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers. few laws, which are government social control, hurl been created collectible to ball clubs norms being important to messs conduct.For fashion model the prohibition against dispatch is a law among every member of company. Whereas fishing and hunt club regulations are a law among those specialised groups. Our textbook points out that sociologist nail the creation of laws as a social process because these laws are non passed from sing le generation to an some other, but are evolving from continuous change in social club of what is right and what is wrong. association has accepted and followed these laws not because of peer group or authority figure but by means of belonging or even the fear of being pileed as distinguishable or deviate.In a wiz we want to see ourselves and others to see us as loyal, cooperative, and deferent of others. Control theory is a take of conformity and aberrancy that stresses the social bond between society and individuals. Deviant acts, which vio late social norms, whitethorn appear attractive to individuals but the social bond is used to help individuals from going toward those attractive aberrant acts because of the fear of not belonging. A infirm bond between society and an individual may in reality push that individual toward a deviant act that he/she can bene sum up from.As explained by gumshoe Wickman (2009), Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduc t or expectations of a group or society (p. 160). on that point are diametric degrees of aberrancy we all experience here in the join States. On one end of the spectrum on that point are accepted forms of deviance, like being late to a meeting, or texting while driving. On the other end of the spectrum there is criminal deviance, computer-aided design iron outing, robbery, and willpower of medicates are a few examples. However, the one thing that all deviant behavior has in habitual is it is all defined in spite of appearance a particular society and at a particular time.Deviant behavior is socially constructed with the mess in military force defining what is expectable and what is deviant. An example of deviance here in the join States can be mold up in our freedom of religion. Our society was created with a strong Christian background attending church on Sundays is astray accepted and practiced among some(prenominal) of our citizens. Conversely, state that youre a satanic worshiper and you allow close to definitely impart a social defect. There are other forms of deviant behavior that people can unwillingly acquire through a social stigma.Being overweight can carry a stigma within our society because overweight people are assumed to be weak in character. Being grossly unattractive can besides carry an unwanted social stigma. Social deviance is subject to different social interpretations and varies throughout different stopping points. What is considered deviant in one culture may be considered form in another. Dog competitiveness is an example of contrasting social deviance between the USA and Afghanistan. Getting caught dog fighting in the United States and you will be throw in jail and carry a social stigma for the rest of your go to.The professional footballer Michael Vick is an example of this negative stigma. Conversely, dog fighting in Afghanistan is widely accepted and practiced every Friday morning (The Scoop, 2002). inqu isitively luxuriant this was not al slip mode the case. When the Taliban was in control there were strict punishments for men who were caught fighting dogs. The Taliban advance sports like football, cricket, and martial arts in lieu of dog fighting. This is an example of how deviant behavior can be constructed by the people in power and how deviance can shift from one social era to another.Deviance is a complicated subject. It can be widely accepted or rejected within a society, and will change over time. Throughout my life I pass on witnessed many forms of in one case deviant behavior becoming more and more accepted. I believe there are two primary reasons behind this shift. The graduation is Colorado Springs becoming a larger more populated city and the second is the mass media. When we gestate of the sociological perspective on deviance close to people wear offt even know what deviance means. Everyone has seen near geek of deviance in an informal way or formal sense.Soc iety escorts at people in a way that everyone should be the equal. A mortal that has a lot of tattoos and piercing would get prospected at that they are a bad person proficient because the way they account. Image, knowledgeable act, and sexual orientation are a few ways that around cultures and people look to define deviance. Functionalist perspective is one key look into deviance. Durkheim focused on the study of umbrage. He believed that punishment within culture would help define normal behavior. The way he looked at things was in a way that he thought things could get fixed.While drill this I believe everyone has their own way to express themselves no matter what culture they were raised in. The look into the functionalist perspective has a lot to do with the perspective of the people and how they look at things. Internactionist perspective explains wherefore rule violations accrue and how people fight from conforming. They state that by not following rules, which are set by certain people, that you are a deviant. There are so many rules out there. ethnical trans drop offion is or stated by the ethnic group or race groups.When you are in school you tend to hang out with your ethic group or race because its where you fit in. Like when you see graffiti some people call in it is a disgrace to the environment others destine of it as art. Like when I look at graffiti I dont look at it as bad, its an art and a talent. We all learn how to act by what social groups we are in or what we see. Everyone has their own perspective there is nothing we can do about that. We look at street racers as being deviant because they race. Race car drivers do the same things just in another countersink other than street.So wherefore do street racers get looked at differently? That doesnt make sense. get wind to maintain social control is what they try to keep in order. There are main roles in life such as police that try to control or enforce the rules of the worl d. Then you got teachers, doctors, lawyers, and other court officials that all try to keep the world one way. In this sense they all try to pick out your looks, deviant in their look. By social profiling was a way they were nerve-racking to pick out who they thought was doing badly. Now looking at sexual deviance or sexual orientation people believe it should be one way and unless one way.The way society looks at it as you should be man and women. And sex should only be done one way. similarly what is looked at as being sexual wickedness there are things that some people think that is against sex code such as bondage? They think it is a nuisance but some people like that. There are so many things in this world that people see as deviant but really isnt. counterpoint theory defines how there are lawsuits against or towards gambling, drugs and etc. Some cultures look at gambling as a past time but the law looks at it being bad. Why should the way we were raised or how we were brought up by against us.The justice brass is and will eer judge against us. While looking and learning on deviants everyone is deviant in some way, shape or form. I know that I am looked at as being deviant. There are many out there that will always judge. Also by reading this opens my eyes to how things really work. Why should there be social norms on society. This is all on the perspective view of others. In Sociology, offence is identified as a deviant behavior. It is deviant in that it goes against accepted or written rules and laws that guide a society.To understand crime and sociology, one must first understand the Conflict Theory founded by Karl Marx. Conflict theory sees society as two struggling groups engaged in conflict over re computer addresss. Under this theory, it is believed that the capitalist class (or the society elites) commits acts of deviance just as the on the job(p) class does. The main difference is that society elites de stipulationine the rules regar ding what is deviant. This difference among the people will always occupy to conflict. This idea explains why there is crime in societies and why it will never cease to be.Sociologists affiliate crimes by three examples crimes against a person, crimes against property, and victimless crimes. Crimes against a person include any offenses where violence is used or threatened. Mugging and assault are examples of crimes against a person. Crimes against property include theft of property or transgress done to someone elses property. Burglary and arson are crimes against property. Finally, victimless crimes are crimes that are against the law, but no victim exists. harlotry and marijuana are common examples of victimless crimes. In sociology, all crimes set into one of these three categories.A victimless crime is a consideration used to refer to actions that have been ruled extrajudicial but do not straightaway violate or threaten the rights of another individual. It often involv es consensual acts in which two or more persons agree to commit a criminal offence in which no other person is involved. For example, in the United States current victimless crimes include whoredom, gambling, and illicit drug use. The term victimless crime is not used in jurisprudence, but is used to cast doubt onto the efficacy of active and proposed legislation or to highlight the unplanned consequences of the same.In politics, for example, a lobbyist might use this word with the implication that the law in question should be abolished. Victimless crimes are not always so weighty. Some examples of low level victimless activities that may be criminalized include * individual purchase and consumption of recreational drugs (provided one does not hurt anyone else due to the effects) * prostitution and/or soliciting for prostitution * public nudity or fornication * the consumption of dirty word Crimes committed by persons for whom criminally penal acts are a permanent occupation and the primary source of money.Persons who engage in professional crime have the skills and means necessary for criminal activity and narrow down in some particular type of crime, such as theft or buying and sell of stolen goods. Professional crime has its own psychological science and customs, but many times professional crimes tie in with organized crime. Organized crime is transnational, national, or local groupings of super centralized enterprises run by criminals for the part of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit.Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, as when a conspiracy extorts money from shopkeepers for protection. Gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. An organized large number or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob. In the United States the Organized Crime Control Act (1970) defines organized crime as The unlawful activities of a highly organized, disciplined association. C riminal activity as a structured group is referred to as conduct and such crime is commonly referred to as the work of the Mob.In addition, due to the escalating violence of Mexicos drug war, the Mexican drug cartels are considered the greatest organized crime threat to the United States, according to a report issued by the United States Department of Justice. White-collar crime is a financially motivated, non-violent crime committed for monetary gain. at heart the field of criminology, white-collar crime initially was defined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the quarrel of his occupation (1939).Sutherland was a proponent of Symbolic Interactionism, and believed that criminal behavior was learned from interpersonal interaction with others. The term white-collar crime only dates back to 1939. Professor Edwin Hardin Sutherland was the first to coin the term, and hypothesize white-collar criminals attributed dif ferent characteristics and motives than typical street criminals. Sutherland defined his idea as crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the way of life of his occupation. The introduction of white-collar crime was a relatively new issue to criminology at that time.He was urging other criminologists to stop focusing on the socially and economically disadvantaged. The types of individuals who committed these crimes lived successfully and were respected by society in general-also criminologists because these criminals were held to such a high regard, these individuals were given a blind eye to the crimes they committed. Our group drive this chapter Deviance and Social Control to appropriate with you all today, because we feel everyone can relate to the sociologists perspective regarding social control, deviance, and crime.We have learned law and society play an important role in social control, deviant acts to one person may in fact be part of anothe r persons culture, and crime has many different categories such as victimless crime, professional crime, and organized crime that all have formal penalties that are enforce by governmental authority. References * http//willapse. hubpages. com/hub/Thailand-HealthSafety-and-Risks-2-Crime * http//encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary. com/Professional+Crime * Attenborough, F. L. ed. and trans. ) (1922). The Laws of the Earliest English Kings. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. reproduce March 2006. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 1-58477-583-1 * Schaefer, R. T. (2009). Sociology A Brief Introduction. (8th ed. Pp. 160-163). clean York McGraw-Hill Higher Education. * One good reason why dogs miss the Taliban. (2002), The Scoop. Canine Nation. Retrieved from http//dogsinthenews. com/issues/0201/articles/020124a. htm * http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=GHuI2JIPylk&feature=relatedDeviance and Social ControlDeviance and Social Control Final Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Req uirements for SOCL 101 Sociology By Social control is techniques and strategies used for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. All levels of society such as family, school, bureaucratic and government has some form of social control. Examples of family social control include obeying your parents rules, doing your homework and chores. School includes standards they expect of students such as being on time, completing assignments and following school ground rules.The bureaucratic organization emphasizes the rules and procedures among their workers. The government expresses social control through law enforcement and other formal sanctions. There are positive sanctions such as rewards for obedience and there are negative sanctions such as penalties for disobedience. Positive sanctions can include a pleasant smile of approval or range to a ceremony of honor. Negative sanctions include informal penalties such as fear, ridicule, sarcasm and even criticism or formal penalties su ch as law enforcement, jail sentences, and fines. Conformity and obedience are two areas recognized for studying social control.Conformity means to go along with peers or individuals of our own status with the tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are accepted by the groups norms. Factors relating to conformity include areas such as size of the group, age differences, gender differences and cultural differences. On the other hand obedience, which is compliance with higher authority, can have an impact on social control as well. Factors relating to obedience include complying with authority figures, the feeling of personal responsibility, and the escalation of harm.With awareness of these factors the more likely someone is to conform along with their peers and obey authority. Sanctions are used to encourage conformity and obedience and are carried out through informal and formal social control. Informal social control is carried out casually by ordina ry people to enforce norms through laughter, smile, and ridicule. Formal social control is used to enforce norms through authorized agents such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers. Some laws, which are government social control, have been created due to societys norms being important to peoples behavior.For example the prohibition against murder is a law among every member of society. Whereas fishing and hunting regulations are a law among those specific groups. Our textbook points out that sociologist see the creation of laws as a social process because these laws are not passed from one generation to another, but are evolving from continuous change in society of what is right and what is wrong. Society has accepted and followed these laws not because of peer group or authority figure but by means of belonging or even the fear of being viewed as different or deviant.In a sense we want to see ourselves and others to see us as loyal, cooperative, and resp ectful of others. Control theory is a view of conformity and deviance that stresses the social bond between society and individuals. Deviant acts, which violate social norms, may appear attractive to individuals but the social bond is used to help individuals from going toward those attractive deviant acts because of the fear of not belonging. A weak bond between society and an individual may actually push that individual toward a deviant act that he/she can benefit from.As explained by Peter Wickman (2009), Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society (p. 160). There are different degrees of deviance we all experience here in the United States. On one end of the spectrum there are accepted forms of deviance, like being late to a meeting, or texting while driving. On the other end of the spectrum there is criminal deviance, dog fighting, robbery, and possession of drugs are a few examples. However, the one thing that all deviant b ehavior has in common is it is all defined within a particular society and at a particular time.Deviant behavior is socially constructed with the people in power defining what is expectable and what is deviant. An example of deviance here in the United States can be found in our freedom of religion. Our society was created with a strong Christian background attending church on Sundays is widely accepted and practiced among many of our citizens. Conversely, state that youre a satanic worshiper and you will most definitely carry a social stigma. There are other forms of deviant behavior that people can unwillingly acquire through a social stigma.Being overweight can carry a stigma within our society because overweight people are assumed to be weak in character. Being grossly unattractive can also carry an unwanted social stigma. Social deviance is subject to different social interpretations and varies throughout different cultures. What is considered deviant in one culture may be cons idered normal in another. Dog fighting is an example of contrasting social deviance between the USA and Afghanistan. Getting caught dog fighting in the United States and you will be thrown in jail and carry a social stigma for the rest of your life.The professional footballer Michael Vick is an example of this negative stigma. Conversely, dog fighting in Afghanistan is widely accepted and practiced every Friday morning (The Scoop, 2002). Oddly enough this was not always the case. When the Taliban was in control there were strict punishments for men who were caught fighting dogs. The Taliban encouraged sports like football, cricket, and martial arts in lieu of dog fighting. This is an example of how deviant behavior can be constructed by the people in power and how deviance can shift from one social era to another.Deviance is a complicated subject. It can be widely accepted or rejected within a society, and will change over time. Throughout my life I have witnessed many forms of once deviant behavior becoming more and more accepted. I believe there are two primary reasons behind this shift. The first is Colorado Springs becoming a larger more populated city and the second is the mass media. When we think of the sociological perspective on deviance some people dont even know what deviance means. Everyone has seen some type of deviance in an informal way or formal sense.Society looks at people in a way that everyone should be the same. A person that has a lot of tattoos and piercing would get looked at that they are a bad person just because the way they look. Image, sexual act, and sexual orientation are a few ways that some cultures and people look to define deviance. Functionalist perspective is one key look into deviance. Durkheim focused on the study of crime. He believed that punishment within culture would help define normal behavior. The way he looked at things was in a way that he thought things could get fixed.While reading this I believe everyone has t heir own way to express themselves no matter what culture they were raised in. The look into the functionalist perspective has a lot to do with the perspective of the people and how they look at things. Internactionist perspective explains why rule violations accrue and how people fight from conforming. They state that by not following rules, which are set by certain people, that you are a deviant. There are so many rules out there. Cultural transmission is or stated by the ethnic group or race groups.When you are in school you tend to hang out with your ethic group or race because its where you fit in. Like when you see graffiti some people think it is a disgrace to the environment others think of it as art. Like when I look at graffiti I dont look at it as bad, its an art and a talent. We all learn how to act by what social groups we are in or what we see. Everyone has their own perspective there is nothing we can do about that. We look at street racers as being deviant because th ey race. Race car drivers do the same things just in another place other than street.So why do street racers get looked at differently? That doesnt make sense. Trying to maintain social control is what they try to keep in order. There are main roles in life such as police that try to control or enforce the rules of the world. Then you got teachers, doctors, lawyers, and other court officials that all try to keep the world one way. In this sense they all try to pick out your looks, deviant in their eyes. By social profiling was a way they were trying to pick out who they thought was doing badly. Now looking at sexual deviance or sexual orientation people believe it should be one way and only one way.The way society looks at it as you should be man and women. And sex should only be done one way. Also what is looked at as being sexual crime there are things that some people think that is against sex code such as bondage? They think it is a crime but some people like that. There are so many things in this world that people see as deviant but really isnt. Conflict theory defines how there are lawsuits against or towards gambling, drugs and etc. Some cultures look at gambling as a past time but the law looks at it being bad. Why should the way we were raised or how we were brought up by against us.The justice system is and will always judge against us. While looking and reading on deviants everyone is deviant in some way, shape or form. I know that I am looked at as being deviant. There are many out there that will always judge. Also by reading this opens my eyes to how things really work. Why should there be social norms on society. This is all on the perspective view of others. In Sociology, crime is identified as a deviant behavior. It is deviant in that it goes against accepted or written rules and laws that guide a society.To understand crime and sociology, one must first understand the Conflict Theory founded by Karl Marx. Conflict theory sees society as two s truggling groups engaged in conflict over resources. Under this theory, it is believed that the capitalist class (or the society elites) commits acts of deviance just as the working class does. The main difference is that society elites determine the rules regarding what is deviant. This difference among the people will always lead to conflict. This idea explains why there is crime in societies and why it will never cease to be.Sociologists classify crimes by three types crimes against a person, crimes against property, and victimless crimes. Crimes against a person include any offenses where violence is used or threatened. Mugging and assault are examples of crimes against a person. Crimes against property include theft of property or damage done to someone elses property. Burglary and arson are crimes against property. Finally, victimless crimes are crimes that are against the law, but no victim exists. Prostitution and marijuana are common examples of victimless crimes. In sociol ogy, all crimes fall into one of these three categories.A victimless crime is a term used to refer to actions that have been ruled illegal but do not directly violate or threaten the rights of another individual. It often involves consensual acts in which two or more persons agree to commit a criminal offence in which no other person is involved. For example, in the United States current victimless crimes include prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use. The term victimless crime is not used in jurisprudence, but is used to cast doubt onto the efficacy of existing and proposed legislation or to highlight the unintended consequences of the same.In politics, for example, a lobbyist might use this word with the implication that the law in question should be abolished. Victimless crimes are not always so weighty. Some examples of low level victimless activities that may be criminalized include * individual purchase and consumption of recreational drugs (provided one does not hurt an yone else due to the effects) * prostitution and/or soliciting for prostitution * public nudity or fornication * the consumption of pornography Crimes committed by persons for whom criminally punishable acts are a permanent occupation and the primary source of money.Persons who engage in professional crime have the skills and means necessary for criminal activity and specialize in some particular type of crime, such as theft or buying and selling of stolen goods. Professional crime has its own psychology and customs, but many times professional crimes tie in with organized crime. Organized crime is transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit.Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for protection. Gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. An organized ga ng or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob. In the United States the Organized Crime Control Act (1970) defines organized crime as The unlawful activities of a highly organized, disciplined association. Criminal activity as a structured group is referred to as racketeering and such crime is commonly referred to as the work of the Mob.In addition, due to the escalating violence of Mexicos drug war, the Mexican drug cartels are considered the greatest organized crime threat to the United States, according to a report issued by the United States Department of Justice. White-collar crime is a financially motivated, non-violent crime committed for monetary gain. Within the field of criminology, white-collar crime initially was defined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation (1939).Sutherland was a proponent of Symbolic Interactionism, and believed that criminal behavior was learned from interpersonal interaction with others. The term white-collar crime only dates back to 1939. Professor Edwin Hardin Sutherland was the first to coin the term, and hypothesize white-collar criminals attributed different characteristics and motives than typical street criminals. Sutherland defined his idea as crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. The introduction of white-collar crime was a relatively new issue to criminology at that time.He was urging other criminologists to stop focusing on the socially and economically disadvantaged. The types of individuals who committed these crimes lived successfully and were respected by society in general-also criminologists because these criminals were held to such a high regard, these individuals were given a blind eye to the crimes they committed. Our group choose this chapter Deviance and Social Control to share with you all today, because we feel everyone can relate to the so ciologists perspective regarding social control, deviance, and crime.We have learned law and society play an important role in social control, deviant acts to one person may in fact be part of another persons culture, and crime has many different categories such as victimless crime, professional crime, and organized crime that all have formal penalties that are enforce by governmental authority. References * http//willapse. hubpages. com/hub/Thailand-HealthSafety-and-Risks-2-Crime * http//encyclopedia2. thefreedictionary. com/Professional+Crime * Attenborough, F. L. ed. and trans. ) (1922). The Laws of the Earliest English Kings. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Reprint March 2006. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 1-58477-583-1 * Schaefer, R. T. (2009). Sociology A Brief Introduction. (8th ed. Pp. 160-163). New York McGraw-Hill Higher Education. * One good reason why dogs miss the Taliban. (2002), The Scoop. Canine Nation. Retrieved from http//dogsinthenews. com/issues/0201/arti cles/020124a. htm * http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=GHuI2JIPylk&feature=related